• optical microscopy;
• X-ray inspection;
• acoustic microscopy;
• electronic microscopy;
• electron microprobe analysis;
• mass spectrometry;
• foreign particles control (PIND test)
• leak check (large and small break methods)

ECB failure analysis examples (example 1 and example 2) 
Examples of physicotechnical ECB failure analysis

Non-destructive control

• X-ray inspection
• Acoustic microscopy
• Foreign particles control
• Leak check (large and small break methods)

• Mass spectrometry humidity control method
• Visual optical control
• Scanning electronic microscopy methods
• Interconnect durability control
• Die shift test
• Leads durability control